Usually way too much time. Causal thinking and analysis paralysis can keep us locked in our tiny box of mediocrity, content to eat Ritz crackers and watch daytime TV, impairing our ability to learn from bad experiences and take fucking action. Causal reasoning is the process of identifying causality, the relationship between a cause and its effect. The study of causality extends from ancient philosophy to contemporary neuropsychology, but let’s keep it simple: I’m basically talking about dwelling on the past. We should learn from it, but not dwell on it.