policy measures such as affirmative action are needed to improve the lot of black Americans. There’s a slippery slope here, he warns. ‘The slipperiness is that they believe that because it’s genetic, they can’t help themselves, that it’s innate, that they’re going to be in a worse social position because of their race.’ In other words, they want society to help black people, not because they believe we’re all equal underneath, but because they believe we’re not.