Yet when it was all added up, the Russian economy proved more resilient to the sanctions and oil price collapse than had been expected. By 2017, the economy had crawled back into positive economic growth, and by 2019 it was growing at 1.6 percent. Yet the crisis had demonstrated once again the risks of being so reliant on oil. Hopes for economic reform were derailed, in part, by the plethora of sanctions and disengagement from the global economy—and
