Pollution, health, noise, and space are factors in pro-cycling initiatives, but these efforts also speak to larger questions about urban design history and the very nature of cities. “We must first remember that all cities were car-free little more than a century ago,” writes Carfree Cities author J. H. Crawford. “Cars were never necessary in cities and in many respects they worked against the fundamental purpose of cities: to bring many people together in a space where social, cultural and economic synergies could develop. Because cars require so much space for movement and parking, they work
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