The second option involves taking an existing dataset, running lots of ad hoc statistical tests on it with no specific hypothesis in mind, then simply reporting whichever effects happen to get p-values below 0.05. The scientist can then declare, often perhaps convincing even themselves, that they’d been searching for these results from the start.49 This latter type of p-hacking is known as HARKing, or Hypothesising After the Results are Known.
