(2) Jesus completes the promise about the keys with a statement about binding and loosing, which closely parallels another saying of his in Matthew 18, in which binding and loosing mean placing under church discipline and releasing from church discipline: “If he refuses to listen even to the church, let him be to you as a Gentile and a tax collector. Truly, I say to you, whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven” (Matt. 18:17–18). But if binding and loosing clearly refer to church discipline in Matthew 18, then it seems
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