I read about a fascinating study that took place at MIT, demonstrating the pre-frame principle in action.10 They tell a story about a class of 70 economics students who were told they would have a substitute professor for the day. Since this professor was new, each student was to read a short biography of the teacher. The bios that were handed out to all the students were identical—except for one phrase. All the bios praised this teacher’s graduate work in economics and listed various fabulous accomplishments. Then half the bios described the professor as “a very warm person,” while the other
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