This becomes especially problematic if, as opponents of autonomous weapons fear, humans use those weapons over time for more expansive purposes and in less proportionate and discriminate ways. This is a legitimate cause for concern, and it highlights the critical question at the center of our current debates over artificial intelligence and warfare—whether humans could ever train and test intelligent machines enough to trust them to close the kill chain without a person in the loop or directly in control. I believe we can. In fact, we already have. But even framing the issue in this way does
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