These rules have also guaranteed racially discriminatory results. The reason is this: drug-law enforcement is unlike most other types of law enforcement. When a violent crime or a robbery occurs, the criminal activity usually causes harm or violates someone’s rights. But with drug crime, neither the purchaser of the drugs nor the seller has any incentive to contact law enforcement. It is consensual activity. Equally important, it is popular. The clear majority of Americans of all races have violated drug laws in their lifetime. In fact, in any given year, more than one in ten Americans violate
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