voice, independent of the actual words. This could contradict the record-keeping theory by showing that it is only the abstract properties of the voice that are encoded in memory, rather than the specific details. But, we might argue that timbre is a property of sounds that is separable from other attributes; we can hold on to our “record-keeping” theory of memory by saying that we are encoding specific timbre values in memory and still explain why we can recognize the sound of a clarinet, even if it is playing a song we’ve never heard before.
