But on the other side of the argument, David Goldstein suggested that U.S. racial categories are so weakly predictive of most biological outcomes that they do not have long-term value.14 He and his colleagues showed that the frequencies of genetic variants that determine dangerous reactions to drugs are poorly predicted by U.S. census categories. He acknowledged that the reliance on racial and ethnic categories is useful given our poor present knowledge, but predicted that the future will involve testing individuals directly for what mutations they have, and doing away altogether with racial
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