Who We Are and How We Got Here: Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past

by David Reich

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it would most likely have come from a European, since almost all the Neanderthal bones we analyzed were excavated and handled by Europeans. Yet the Neanderthal sequence we had was no closer to Europeans than to East Asians or to New Guineans—three very different populations.

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This suggests that versions of keratin biology genes carried by Neanderthals were preserved in non-Africans by the pressures of natural selection, perhaps because keratin is an essential ingredient of skin and hair,

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characterizes much of Japan today.

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Co evolution of pathogens