domestic governance and has not been immune to religious conflicts, particularly between Christians and Muslims. Before the sixteenth century, the region was primarily Christian but was then heavily settled by Arab nomadic peoples, causing the spread and proliferation of Islam. In the centuries before being conquered by Egypt in 1819, Sudan was largely controlled by the Ottoman Empire (primarily in the north) and the two Muslim kingdoms of the Sultanate of Darfur and the Sultanate of Funj. Even after Egypt conquered Sudan, the Ottoman Empire maintained a presence in the region (and in Egypt
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