As Pakistani scientists noted ruefully, “the Western world was sure that an underdeveloped country like Pakistan could never master this technology,” and yet at the same time western countries made “hectic and persistent efforts to sell everything to us…they literally begged us to buy their equipment.”66 As it was, it was not hard to see how stern talk about proliferation from countries like the United States, Britain and France, which refused to be subject to the inspections and rules of the International Atomic Energy Agency, grated with those that did and had to conduct their research in
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