Finally, the fourth frame, minimization of racism, simply posits that racial discrimination is a phenomenon of the past that no longer impacts the lives and the opportunities of ethnic minorities. Alternatively, people using this frame may acknowledge that discrimination continues to exist but that it is an aberrant occurrence.36 This frame is often used in response to antiblack police violence. With each new incident that garners national attention, many White Americans resort to “bad apple” logic, refusing to believe that the repeated violence is a symptom of a systemic problem and instead
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