overwhelmingly emphasized between-group processes, that is, the relationships between Whites and people of color, or between different racial/ethnic minority groups. By and large, it has ignored the depth and severity of internalized oppression among people of color and the enormous need for healing these wounds. Repeated and systemic experiences of dehumanization not only inflict direct harm; they diminish the capacity of the oppressed to recognize themselves as human and, moreover, as beloved by God. As Archbishop Desmond Tutu states, “One of the most blasphemous consequences of injustice,
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