failure to conduct systems-level testing can produce unpredictable consequences. When you make a last-minute change to a product and ship it out the door without retesting the whole thing, you’re risking disaster. When you make a change to a section of a legal brief without examining how the change interacts with the whole, you’re dancing with malpractice. When you subcontract the design of a major government program to sixty contractors but fail to test the combined system—as happened with healthcare.gov—you’re courting catastrophe.14
