there are emotions that dogs and other animals appear to lack completely. For example, my dog, Madeleine, although we often think of her as human, does not experience disgust. Neither did the succession of best friends who preceded her: Winifred, Shadow, Isabella, Charlotte, Karma, or 99. Dogs will eat or roll in practically anything and show no evidence of the emotion of disgust, which appears to be uniquely human. As infants, we don’t have it until we’re three to seven years old, but once we get it, we hang on to it for life. In fact, the older we get, the wider our experience of disgust
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