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In 2014, Professor Philip Goff and colleagues published an experimental study called “The Essence of Innocence: Consequences of Dehumanizing Black Children.” The findings of the study were that “Black boys are seen as older and less innocent and that they prompt a less essential conception of childhood than do their White same-age peers. Further, our findings demonstrate that the Black/ape association predicted actual racial disparities in police violence toward children.”26
