The most prominent, nonpartisan research program that looks at the findings from a large number of energy-economic models is the Energy Modeling Forum (EMF) based at Stanford University. The EMF has conducted more than thirty such studies and is considered the gold standard of energy-economic modeling. Using multiple studies, mostly from the EMF, we can estimate the cost of the most expensive promises made under the Paris Agreement: those made by the United States, the European Union, China, and Mexico. Together, these commitments make up about 80 percent of the total promised carbon
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