That ethos gave rise to the idea, after World War II, that the reason pilots were crashing planes wasn’t simply that they needed better instructions. Men died, and others such as Alphonse Chapanis realized that the training was inherently flawed, because men were flawed. For men to perform better in machines, they didn’t need to be trained more; rather, the machine needed to be crafted around them so that they needed to be trained less.
