The lead industry relentlessly—and successfully—questioned the science showing that its products were killing children in their own homes. Industry so often resorts to the tactic of introducing doubt that, as later chapters in this book document, it has successfully halted or delayed the restriction and banning of clearly toxic substances. For more than a half century the LIA internally acknowledged lead’s toxicity while publicly casting doubt on its dangers and blaming victims by ascribing illness to “improper handling.”

