The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

by William L. Shirer

On Fichte’s death in 1814, he was succeeded by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel at the University of Berlin. This is the subtle and penetrating mind whose dialectics inspired Marx and Lenin and thus contributed to the founding of Communism and whose ringing glorification of the State as supreme in human life paved the way for the Second and Third Reichs of Bismarck and Hitler. To Hegel the State is all, or almost all. Among other things, he says, it is the highest revelation of the “world spirit”; it is the “moral universe”; it is “the actuality of the ethical idea… ethical mind… knowing and thinking itself”; the State “has the supreme right against the individual, whose supreme duty is to be a member of the State… for the right of the world spirit is above all special privileges…”