Under Ottoman Islam, Jews mostly thrived—not just in Salonica but throughout the empire, even in an outlying city like Selim’s Trabzon. Remnants of these populations lived in Iraq, Yemen, Egypt, and throughout the Middle East as late as the mid-twentieth century. Selim’s personal physician, some of his most trusted advisers, and his munitions experts during his wars of conquest were descendants of Spain’s Jews. Thus, in the very moment that Europe exiled its Jews and Muslims, while enslaving Africans and decimating indigenous populations in the Americas, the Ottomans welcomed Jews (and
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