According to the standard coding, the major powers since 1816 (the year in which that dataset begins) include: the United States since 1898; the United Kingdom since 1816; France from 1816 until 1940 and again after 1945; Germany (1816–1918, 1925–1945, 1991–present); Austria-Hungary (1816–1918); Italy (1860–1943); Russia (1816–1917, 1922–present); China (1950–present); and Japan (1895–1945, 1991–present).
