Like the Mongols, the Manchus would always be seen as foreigners, and there would be risings urging the restoration of the Ming until the very end of the Qing empire. Among the secret societies behind many of the peasant revolts of the Qing period – the White Turbans, the Red Scarves, the White Lotus, the Boxers, or the 1910 rising in Changsha witnessed by Mao Zedong – the watchword was still ‘Restore the Ming’.
