A primary recommendation of the American Statistical Association is to ‘Teach statistics as an investigative process of problem-solving and decision-making’. See https://www.amstat.org/asa/education/Guidelines-for-Assessment-and-Instruction-in-Statistics-Education-Reports.aspx. The PPDAC cycle was developed in R. J. MacKay and R. W. Oldford, ‘Scientific Method, Statistical Method and the Speed of Light’, Statistical Science 15 (2000), 254–78. It is strongly promoted in the New Zealand schools system, which provides a highly developed education in statistics. See C. J. Wild and M. Pfannkuch,
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