At the conceptual and philosophical level, behavioral paternalists have yet to grapple adequately with the thicket of thorny issues that arise in trying to identify people’s true preferences. They have not yet managed to fill in the gaping chasm between identifying inconsistencies among individual preferences on the one hand and choosing which preferences to favor on the other. They have also not yet grappled with the evidence indicating that fast-and-frugal non-Bayesian heuristics can perform better in real-world environments. They have hardly begun to fill the gaps in knowledge required to
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