Like Dewey, most progressive or Marxist critics of Fordism maintained that if capitalism could be reformed or abolished, the technological genius and productivity of mass production could finally serve and not enslave humanity. The clouds of industrial smog obscured a golden age of plenty and freedom; the promised land once foretold in religion lay just beyond the technological horizon. But to other opponents, Fordism was not simply an unjust and oppressive system; it was the industrial apparatus of a new Dark Age, an unprecedented assault on the humanity of human beings. Rather than a great
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