is important to note that primary causality does not rival secondary causality because “divine causality and creaturely causality function at different metaphysical levels.”410 Aquinas said that “one action does not proceed from two agents of the same order. But nothing hinders the same action from proceeding from a primary and a secondary agent.”411 When a concrete effect is attributed to God and to a natural agent, it is erroneous to affirm that the effect “is partly done by God, and partly by the natural agent; rather, it is wholly done by both, according to a different way, just as the
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