A university in Japan had a manual billing system that it wanted to automate. In the manual system, a worker sat at a desk with a pile of invoices on the left side of the desk and a pile of bank statements on the right. The worker matched invoices with statements, stamping invoices that had been paid. Naturally, they wanted to do this with software. So a business owner at the university passed the request to a buyer at the university who dealt with firm’s sales reps, who passed the spec to a project manager, who passed it to another product manager—and finally to the engineers. The solution
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