In 1945, the oldest Japanese could still summon early childhood memories of life in the Tokugawa Shogunate, when the nation was ruled by samurai who wore suits of lacquered armor and fought with swords and spears. During that span of time the Japanese people had experienced a wrenching acceleration of historical change. They had modernized and industrialized at a headlong pace, rising to become one of the most formidable naval and military powers in the world, and inflicted humiliating defeats on several of the leading nations of the West. Falling under the sway of fanatical militarists, they
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