There is also a fascinating flip side to chaos theory: that simple rules, applied repeatedly, can lead to seemingly random behaviour, but then sometimes go on to produce beautiful structures and complex patterns of behaviour that look highly ordered. Unexpected complexity emerges where there was none before, while never violating the second law of thermodynamics. The field of science dealing with this sort of emergent behaviour is known as complex systems, and it is beginning to play a major role in many exciting areas of research, such as biology, economics, and artificial intelligence.
