The drafters of the Reconstruction Amendments had anticipated this sort of resistance and had devised a simple and elegant solution: Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment, which lays out the consequences for any state that denies any of its adult male citizens the right to vote or abridges that right in any way. Those states, the amendment says, will see their representation in Congress “reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.”12 This was the official eradication of the three-fifths
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