When he delivered the majority opinion in the 7–2 decision in March 1969, Warren said that the changes the states had made were not beyond the scope of the VRA. Voting is not just the act itself, Warren chided. He reminded the recalcitrant states that the VRA maintained that voting includes “all action necessary to make a vote effective.” Then, to ensure that the range of activities subject to the VRA was clear, he insisted that the Voting Rights Act “was aimed at the subtle, as well as the obvious, state regulations which have the effect of denying citizens their right to vote because of
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