To refine our search for the causes of consciousness we need to ask what else could have provided the neurological boost to transform us from the ape who stands (Homo erectus) to the ape who knows (Homo sapiens)? A plausible alternate candidate to the Stoned Ape hypothesis would have to check three boxes: It would need to be strongly instinctive, feel powerfully rewarding, and enjoy widespread adoption. It would have to meaningfully shift physiology and psychology, and be able to do so repeatedly over time. In sum, the transformative substance or practice would need to be what psychologists
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