Van Reenen and others believe that the main causes are structural. The two tectonic forces of globalized capitalism and tech progress are creating more winner-take-all or winner-take-most industries characterized by a few superstar companies and many zombies. People associated with the superstars see their wealth and pay grow quickly, while those who work in or around the zombies see their fortunes stagnate. At the heart of this explanation are large differences among companies during this period of great technological upheaval.
