By the 1880s, the miasma and humoral models of Hippocratic medicine were being replaced with modern germ theories. Early researchers of mosquito-borne disease were operating under the scientific umbrella of the germ theory postulated and proven by Louis Pasteur (French), Robert Koch (German), and Joseph Lister (British) beginning in the 1850s.* Advancements in science and medical instruments, including the microscope, allowed for a more complete and advanced study of disease. The mosquito and her pathogens could no longer hide in the shadows of scientific simplicity and medical ignorance.
