The Irrational Ape: Why Flawed Logic Puts us all at Risk and How Critical Thinking Can Save the World

by David Robert Grimes

In a wonderfully titled 1999 paper, ‘Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognising One’s Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments’, psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger observed how those with low ability or expertise in a given subject mistakenly assess their cognitive ability or knowledge as vastly greater than it actually is.

Dunning-Kruger effect