The Irrational Ape: Why Flawed Logic Puts us all at Risk and How Critical Thinking Can Save the World

by David Robert Grimes

But, while picking apart science from non-science is not an easy task, there are some vital things we can consider when confronted with anything purporting to be science. A non-exhaustive list might include: • Quality of evidence: Scientific claims are underpinned by supporting data and clear description of the methodology used. If, however, a claim relies largely on anecdote and testimonial, it should be considered suspect. • Authority: Scientific claims don’t derive their authority by virtue of coming from scientists. A scientific claim’s acceptance stems from the weight of the evidence behind it. By contrast, pseudoscientific claims often focus around ostensible experts or gurus rather than evidence. • Logic: If an argument is presented, every link in the chain must connect, not just a few. Non sequiturs suggest dubious conclusions. Overly reductive claims that suggest single causes or cures for complex situations or conditions should also be treated sceptically. • Testable claims: Falsifiability is paramount to gauging the validity of a claim. If it cannot be proven wrong, then it is not scientific. Similarly, science pivots on reproducibility. That which cannot be verified by independent investigation is likely to be pseudoscience. • Totality of evidence: The hypothesis must consider all the evidence and not just cherry-pick only collaborating evidence. If the claim is consistent and compatible with all the evidence to date, then it is usually reasonabl...