One of the earliest morphological changes associated with bipedalism was a shortening and broadening of the pelvis, which helped us maintain balance while also creating a basin-shaped receptacle to hold our now-vertically oriented guts and babies. Later changes in hominin postcranial morphology (i.e., our skeletal anatomy from the neck down) included a heel and arch adapted for two-legged walking; a lengthening of the lower limbs that gave us a longer and more efficient gait; an inwardly angled femur that put our center of gravity more toward the center of our bodies; a big toe that was more
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