The handoffs are clear: from Kurt Blome and Shiro Ishii to the directors of the Bluebird project, later renamed Artichoke; from Artichoke to Gottlieb and MK-ULTRA; from MK-ULTRA to KUBARK Counter-Intelligence Interrogation; from there to the Human Resources Exploitation Training Manual; and from those manuals to Guantanamo Bay, Abu Ghraib, and CIA “black sites” around the world. Gottlieb is an indispensable link in this grim chain.
