The Body: A Guide for Occupants

by Bill Bryson

What makes this much worse is that a great deal of our antibiotic use is simply crazy. Almost three-quarters of the forty million antibiotic prescriptions written each year in the United States are for conditions that cannot be cured with antibiotics. According to Jeffrey Linder, professor of medicine at Northwestern University, antibiotics are prescribed for 70 percent of acute bronchitis cases, even though guidelines explicitly state that they are of no use there. Even more appallingly, in the United States 80 percent of antibiotics are fed to farm animals, mostly to fatten them. Fruit growers can also use antibiotics to combat bacterial infections in their crops. In consequence, most Americans consume secondhand antibiotics in their food (including even some foods labeled as organic) without knowing it. Sweden banned the agricultural use of antibiotics in 1986. The European Union followed in 1999. In 1977, the Food and Drug Administration ordered a halt to the use of antibiotics for purposes of fattening farm animals, but backed off when there was an outcry from agricultural interests and the congressional leaders who supported them. In 1945, the year that Alexander Fleming won the Nobel Prize, a typical case of pneumococcal pneumonia could be knocked out with forty thousand units of penicillin. Today, because of increased resistance, it can take more than twenty million units per day for many days to achieve the same result. On some diseases, penicillin now has no effe...