The Body: A Guide for Occupants

by Bill Bryson

The main issue was an absence of a wholly reliable immunosuppressive drug to deal with rejection. A drug called azathioprine worked sometimes but couldn’t be relied on. Then, in 1969, an employee of the Swiss pharmaceutical company Sandoz named H. P. Frey, while on holiday in Norway, collected soil samples to take back to the Sandoz labs. The company had asked employees to do so when traveling in the hope that they would find potential new antibiotics. Frey’s sample contained a fungus, Tolypocladium inflatum, which had no useful antibiotic properties but proved excellent at suppressing immune responses—just the thing needed to make organ transplants possible. Sandoz converted Herr Frey’s little bag of dirt, and a similar sample subsequently found in Wisconsin, into a best-selling medicine called cyclosporine. Thanks to it and some associated technical improvements, by the early 1980s heart transplant surgeons were managing success rates of 80 percent, an extraordinary achievement in a decade and a half. Today some four to five thousand heart transplants are performed globally each year, with an average survival time of fifteen years. The longest-surviving transplant patient so far is Fiona Coote of Australia, who has