Because the nineteenth century was more or less firmly committed to a hard money policy, to gold and silver, an internationalism of trade and travel prevailed. Transportation facilities were steadily extended throughout Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia, and trade penetrated the far corners of the world. Traders might have strongly nationalistic and racial ideas, but free trade and hard money were color blind and knew no frontiers. Men and goods travelled freely across boundaries to a degree unknown to the mid-twentieth century, and ideas followed them everywhere. The nineteenth century
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