Since in our experience fine tuning results from intelligent agency, and since naturalism denies the existence of any intelligent agent preexisting the universe, philosophical naturalists should not expect to observe a universe in which life depends upon exquisite fine tuning. Instead, they should expect a universe in which all phenomena can be explained by reference to the fundamental laws of physics. But, as we have seen, those laws themselves do not explain either the fine tuning of the initial conditions of the universe or the contingent features of the physical laws (the fine tuning of
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