universe with certain possible properties logically precedes the mathematical procedures that produce a solution to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation—a universal wave function that allows assigning definite probabilities to the different possible properties or attributes that the universe could possess. Thus, the mathematical procedures that quantum cosmologists use to produce a wave function to explain the origin of the universe tacitly presuppose the existence of a universe.24 The quantum cosmologists are thus like bakers who allege they have baked a cake before they had the ingredients to do so,
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