Shannon’s tenth theorem,23 named for Claude Shannon, the MIT scientist who developed information theory in the late 1940s. This theorem recognizes that as an information-rich signal or message travels across a communication channel (or through a medium of transmission), it will typically experience what information theorists describe as degradation, corruption, or loss of fidelity, a process described by the second law of thermodynamics. Shannon’s tenth theorem states that in order for the information-rich message to arrive from a sender to a receiver without loss, information from outside the
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