In any case, I show that, if true, these models have unexpected theistic implications of their own. No proof can establish any conclusion with certainty, since all proofs must make some assumptions. For now, though, it’s worth noting that a proof (in the case of the BGV theorem) and a strong indicator (in the case of the Hawking-Penrose-Ellis singularity theorems) have reinforced the testimony of observational astronomy: as best we can tell, the universe did have a beginning.
