Thus Richard Dawkins notes that “the machine code of the genes is uncannily computer-like.”14 And software developer Bill Gates observes that “DNA is like a computer program.”15 Similarly, biotechnology specialist Leroy Hood describes the information stored in DNA simply as “digital code.”16 After the early 1960s, further discoveries made clear that the digital information in DNA and RNA represents only part of a complex information-transmission and -processing system—an advanced form of nanotechnology that both mirrors and exceeds our own in its complexity, design logic, and
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